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EXEC(3P)                   POSIX Programmer's Manual                  EXEC(3P)

PROLOG
       This  manual  page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual.  The Linux
       implementation of this interface may differ (consult the  corresponding
       Linux  manual page for details of Linux behavior), or the interface may
       not be implemented on Linux.
NAME
       environ, execl, execv, execle, execve, execlp, execvp - execute a file
SYNOPSIS
       #include <unistd.h>
       extern char **environ;
       int execl(const char *path, const char *arg0, ... /*, (char *)0 */);
       int execv(const char *path, char *const argv[]);
       int execle(const char *path, const char *arg0, ... /*,
              (char *)0, char *const envp[]*/);
       int execve(const char *path, char *const argv[], char *const envp[]);
       int execlp(const char *file, const char *arg0, ... /*, (char *)0 */);
       int execvp(const char *file, char *const argv[]);

DESCRIPTION
       The exec family of functions shall replace the  current  process  image
       with  a  new  process  image. The new image shall be constructed from a
       regular, executable file called the new process image file. There shall
       be  no return from a successful exec, because the calling process image
       is overlaid by the new process image.
       When a C-language program is executed as a  result  of  this  call,  it
       shall be entered as a C-language function call as follows:

              int main (int argc, char *argv[]);
       where  argc  is  the  argument  count and argv is an array of character
       pointers to the arguments themselves. In addition, the following  vari-
       able:

              extern char **environ;
       is  initialized  as  a pointer to an array of character pointers to the
       environment strings. The argv and environ arrays are each terminated by
       a  null  pointer.  The  null  pointer terminating the argv array is not
       counted in argc.
       Conforming multi-threaded applications shall not use the environ  vari-
       able  to  access  or  modify  any  environment variable while any other
       thread is concurrently modifying any environment variable.  A  call  to
       any  function dependent on any environment variable shall be considered
       a use of the environ variable to access that environment variable.
       The arguments specified by a program with one  of  the  exec  functions
       shall be passed on to the new process image in the corresponding main()
       arguments.
       The argument path points to a pathname that identifies the new  process
       image file.
       The  argument  file is used to construct a pathname that identifies the
       new process image file. If the file argument contains a  slash  charac-
       ter,  the  file  argument  shall be used as the pathname for this file.
       Otherwise, the path prefix for this file is obtained by a search of the
       directories passed as the environment variable PATH (see the Base Defi-
       nitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, Chapter  8,  Environment  Vari-
       ables).   If  this  environment variable is not present, the results of
       the search are implementation-defined.
       There are two distinct ways in which the contents of the process  image
       file  may  cause the execution to fail, distinguished by the setting of
       errno to either [ENOEXEC] or [EINVAL] (see the ERRORS section). In  the
       cases  where  the  other  members of the exec family of functions would
       fail and set errno to [ENOEXEC], the execlp()  and  execvp()  functions
       shall execute a command interpreter and the environment of the executed
       command shall be as if the process invoked the sh utility using execl()
       as follows:

              execl(<shell path>, arg0, file, arg1, ..., (char *)0);
       where  <shell path> is an unspecified pathname for the sh utility, file
       is the process image file, and for execvp(), where arg0, arg1,  and  so
       on correspond to the values passed to execvp() in argv[0], argv[1], and
       so on.
       The arguments represented by arg0,... are pointers  to  null-terminated
       character  strings.  These  strings  shall constitute the argument list
       available to the new process image. The list is terminated  by  a  null
       pointer.  The  argument arg0 should point to a filename that is associ-
       ated with the process being started by one of the exec functions.
       The argument argv is an array of character pointers to  null-terminated
       strings.  The  application  shall  ensure  that the last member of this
       array is a null pointer. These strings shall  constitute  the  argument
       list  available  to the new process image.  The value in argv[0] should
       point to a filename that is associated with the process  being  started
       by one of the exec functions.
       The  argument envp is an array of character pointers to null-terminated
       strings. These strings shall constitute the  environment  for  the  new
       process image. The envp array is terminated by a null pointer.
       For those forms not containing an envp pointer ( execl(), execv(), exe-
       clp(), and execvp()), the environment for the new process  image  shall
       be taken from the external variable environ in the calling process.
       The  number  of  bytes available for the new process' combined argument
       and  environment  lists  is  {ARG_MAX}.  It  is  implementation-defined
       whether  null  terminators,  pointers,  and/or  any alignment bytes are
       included in this total.
       File descriptors open in the calling process image shall remain open in
       the  new  process  image,  except  for  those whose close-on- exec flag
       FD_CLOEXEC is set. For those file descriptors  that  remain  open,  all
       attributes  of the open file description remain unchanged. For any file
       descriptor that is closed for this reason, file locks are removed as  a
       result of the close as described in close(). Locks that are not removed
       by closing of file descriptors remain unchanged.
       If file descriptors 0, 1, and 2 would otherwise be closed after a  suc-
       cessful  call  to  one  of  the  exec  family of functions, and the new
       process image file has the set-user-ID or set-group-ID file  mode  bits
       set,   and  the ST_NOSUID bit is not set for the file system containing
       the new process image file,  implementations may  open  an  unspecified
       file for each of these file descriptors in the new process image.
       Directory  streams open in the calling process image shall be closed in
       the new process image.
       The state of the floating-point environment in the  new  process  image
       shall be set to the default.
       The  state of conversion descriptors and message catalog descriptors in
       the new process image is undefined. For  the  new  process  image,  the
       equivalent of:

              setlocale(LC_ALL, "C")
       shall be executed at start-up.
       Signals  set  to  the  default  action (SIG_DFL) in the calling process
       image shall be set to the default action  in  the  new  process  image.
       Except  for SIGCHLD, signals set to be ignored (SIG_IGN) by the calling
       process image shall be set to be ignored by the new process image. Sig-
       nals  set to be caught by the calling process image shall be set to the
       default action in the  new  process  image  (see  <signal.h>).  If  the
       SIGCHLD signal is set to be ignored by the calling process image, it is
       unspecified whether the SIGCHLD signal is set to be ignored or  to  the
       default  action  in the new process image.   After a successful call to
       any of the exec functions, alternate signal stacks  are  not  preserved
       and the SA_ONSTACK flag shall be cleared for all signals.
       After  a  successful  call  to any of the exec functions, any functions
       previously registered by atexit() are no longer registered.
       If the ST_NOSUID bit is set for the  file  system  containing  the  new
       process  image  file,  then  the effective user ID, effective group ID,
       saved set-user-ID, and saved set-group-ID  are  unchanged  in  the  new
       process  image.  Otherwise,   if  the  set-user-ID  mode bit of the new
       process image file is set, the effective user ID  of  the  new  process
       image  shall be set to the user ID of the new process image file. Simi-
       larly, if the set-group-ID mode bit of the new process  image  file  is
       set,  the  effective  group ID of the new process image shall be set to
       the group ID of the new process image file.  The  real  user  ID,  real
       group  ID,  and  supplementary group IDs of the new process image shall
       remain the same as those of the calling process  image.  The  effective
       user  ID and effective group ID of the new process image shall be saved
       (as the saved set-user-ID  and  the  saved  set-group-ID)  for  use  by
       setuid().
       Any  shared memory segments attached to the calling process image shall
       not be attached to the new process image.
       Any named semaphores open in the calling process shall be closed as  if
       by appropriate calls to sem_close().
       Any  blocks of typed memory that were mapped in the calling process are
       unmapped, as if munmap() was implicitly called to unmap them.
       Memory locks established by the calling process via calls to mlockall()
       or  mlock()  shall  be removed. If locked pages in the address space of
       the calling process are also mapped into the address  spaces  of  other
       processes  and  are locked by those processes, the locks established by
       the other processes shall be unaffected by the call by this process  to
       the  exec  function.  If  the exec function fails, the effect on memory
       locks is unspecified.
       Memory mappings created in the process are unmapped before the  address
       space is rebuilt for the new process image.
       For  the  SCHED_FIFO  and  SCHED_RR scheduling policies, the policy and
       priority settings shall not be changed by a call to an  exec  function.
       For other scheduling policies, the policy and priority settings on exec
       are implementation-defined.
       Per-process timers created by the  calling  process  shall  be  deleted
       before replacing the current process image with the new process image.
       All  open  message  queue  descriptors  in the calling process shall be
       closed, as described in mq_close().
       Any outstanding asynchronous I/O  operations  may  be  canceled.  Those
       asynchronous  I/O operations that are not canceled shall complete as if
       the exec function had not yet occurred, but any associated signal noti-
       fications shall be suppressed. It is unspecified whether the exec func-
       tion itself blocks awaiting such I/O completion.  In no event, however,
       shall the new process image created by the exec function be affected by
       the presence of outstanding asynchronous I/O operations at the time the
       exec function is called. Whether any I/O is canceled, and which I/O may
       be canceled upon exec, is implementation-defined.
       The new process image shall inherit the CPU-time clock of  the  calling
       process  image.  This inheritance means that the process CPU-time clock
       of the process being exec-ed shall not be reinitialized or altered as a
       result of the exec function other than to reflect the time spent by the
       process executing the exec function itself.
       The initial value of the CPU-time clock of the initial  thread  of  the
       new process image shall be set to zero.
       If  the  calling  process  is being traced, the new process image shall
       continue to be traced into  the  same  trace  stream  as  the  original
       process  image, but the new process image shall not inherit the mapping
       of trace event names to trace event type identifiers that  was  defined
       by     calls     to     the     posix_trace_eventid_open()    or    the
       posix_trace_trid_eventid_open() functions in the calling process image.
       If the calling process is a trace controller process, any trace streams
       that  were  created  by  the  calling  process  shall  be  shut down as
       described in the posix_trace_shutdown() function.
       The new process shall inherit at least the  following  attributes  from
       the calling process image:
        * Nice value (see nice())
        * semadj values (see semop())
        * Process ID
        * Parent process ID
        * Process group ID
        * Session membership
        * Real user ID
        * Real group ID
        * Supplementary group IDs
        * Time left until an alarm clock signal (see alarm())
        * Current working directory
        * Root directory
        * File mode creation mask (see umask())
        * File size limit (see ulimit())
        * Process signal mask (see sigprocmask())
        * Pending signal (see sigpending())
        * tms_utime, tms_stime, tms_cutime, and tms_cstime (see times())
        * Resource limits
        * Controlling terminal
        * Interval timers
       All    other   process   attributes   defined   in   this   volume   of
       IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 shall be the same  in  the  new  and  old  process
       images.  The inheritance of process attributes not defined by this vol-
       ume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 is implementation-defined.
       A call to any exec function from a process with more  than  one  thread
       shall  result  in  all  threads being terminated and the new executable
       image being loaded and  executed.  No  destructor  functions  shall  be
       called.
       Upon  successful  completion,  the exec functions shall mark for update
       the st_atime field of the file. If an exec function failed but was able
       to  locate the process image file, whether the st_atime field is marked
       for update is  unspecified.  Should  the  exec  function  succeed,  the
       process image file shall be considered to have been opened with open().
       The corresponding close() shall be considered to occur at a time  after
       this open, but before process termination or successful completion of a
       subsequent call  to  one  of  the  exec  functions,  posix_spawn(),  or
       posix_spawnp().   The  argv[]  and  envp[]  arrays  of pointers and the
       strings to which those arrays point shall not be modified by a call  to
       one  of  the  exec  functions, except as a consequence of replacing the
       process image.
       The saved resource limits in the new process image are set to be a copy
       of the process' corresponding hard and soft limits.
RETURN VALUE
       If  one  of the exec functions returns to the calling process image, an
       error has occurred; the return value shall be -1, and  errno  shall  be
       set to indicate the error.
ERRORS
       The exec functions shall fail if:
       E2BIG  The  number  of  bytes  used by the new process image's argument
              list and environment list is  greater  than  the  system-imposed
              limit of {ARG_MAX} bytes.
       EACCES Search  permission  is  denied for a directory listed in the new
              process image file's path prefix, or the new process image  file
              denies  execution  permission,  or the new process image file is
              not a regular file and the implementation does not support  exe-
              cution of files of its type.
       EINVAL The  new  process  image file has the appropriate permission and
              has a recognized executable binary format, but the  system  does
              not support execution of a file with this format.
       ELOOP  A loop exists in symbolic links encountered during resolution of
              the path or file argument.
       ENAMETOOLONG
              The length of the path or file arguments exceeds {PATH_MAX} or a
              pathname component is longer than {NAME_MAX}.
       ENOENT A  component  of  path or file does not name an existing file or
              path or file is an empty string.
       ENOTDIR
              A component of the new process image file's path prefix is not a
              directory.

       The exec functions, except for execlp() and execvp(), shall fail if:
       ENOEXEC
              The new process image file has the appropriate access permission
              but has an unrecognized format.

       The exec functions may fail if:
       ELOOP  More than {SYMLOOP_MAX} symbolic links were  encountered  during
              resolution of the path or file argument.
       ENAMETOOLONG
              As a result of encountering a symbolic link in resolution of the
              path argument, the length of  the  substituted  pathname  string
              exceeded {PATH_MAX}.
       ENOMEM The  new  process  image requires more memory than is allowed by
              the hardware or system-imposed memory management constraints.
       ETXTBSY
              The new process image file is a  pure  procedure  (shared  text)
              file that is currently open for writing by some process.

       The following sections are informative.
EXAMPLES
   Using execl()
       The  following example executes the ls command, specifying the pathname
       of the executable ( /bin/ls) and using arguments supplied  directly  to
       the command to produce single-column output.

              #include <unistd.h>

              int ret;
              ...
              ret = execl ("/bin/ls", "ls", "-1", (char *)0);
   Using execle()
       The  following  example  is  similar to Using execl() . In addition, it
       specifies the environment for the new process image using the env argu-
       ment.

              #include <unistd.h>

              int ret;
              char *env[] = { "HOME=/usr/home", "LOGNAME=home", (char *)0 };
              ...
              ret = execle ("/bin/ls", "ls", "-l", (char *)0, env);
   Using execlp()
       The following example searches for the location of the ls command among
       the directories specified by the PATH environment variable.

              #include <unistd.h>

              int ret;
              ...
              ret = execlp ("ls", "ls", "-l", (char *)0);
   Using execv()
       The following example passes arguments to the ls  command  in  the  cmd
       array.

              #include <unistd.h>

              int ret;
              char *cmd[] = { "ls", "-l", (char *)0 };
              ...
              ret = execv ("/bin/ls", cmd);
   Using execve()
       The  following  example  passes  arguments to the ls command in the cmd
       array, and specifies the environment for the new  process  image  using
       the env argument.

              #include <unistd.h>

              int ret;
              char *cmd[] = { "ls", "-l", (char *)0 };
              char *env[] = { "HOME=/usr/home", "LOGNAME=home", (char *)0 };
              ...
              ret = execve ("/bin/ls", cmd, env);
   Using execvp()
       The following example searches for the location of the ls command among
       the directories specified by the PATH environment variable, and  passes
       arguments to the ls command in the cmd array.

              #include <unistd.h>

              int ret;
              char *cmd[] = { "ls", "-l", (char *)0 };
              ...
              ret = execvp ("ls", cmd);
APPLICATION USAGE
       As  the state of conversion descriptors and message catalog descriptors
       in the new process image is undefined, conforming  applications  should
       not rely on their use and should close them prior to calling one of the
       exec functions.
       Applications that require other than the default  POSIX  locale  should
       call  setlocale()  with  the  appropriate  parameters  to establish the
       locale of the new process.
       The environ array should not be accessed directly by the application.
       Applications should not depend on file descriptors 0, 1,  and  2  being
       closed after an exec. A future version may allow these file descriptors
       to be automatically opened for any process.
RATIONALE
       Early proposals required that the value of argc  passed  to  main()  be
       "one  or greater". This was driven by the same requirement in drafts of
       the ISO C standard. In fact, historical implementations have  passed  a
       value  of zero when no arguments are supplied to the caller of the exec
       functions.  This requirement was removed from the  ISO C  standard  and
       subsequently  removed from this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 as well.
       The wording, in particular the use  of  the  word  should,  requires  a
       Strictly  Conforming POSIX Application to pass at least one argument to
       the exec function, thus guaranteeing that argc be one or  greater  when
       invoked  by  such an application. In fact, this is good practice, since
       many existing applications reference argv[0] without first checking the
       value of argc.
       The  requirement on a Strictly Conforming POSIX Application also states
       that the value passed as the first argument be  a  filename  associated
       with  the  process  being  started. Although some existing applications
       pass a pathname rather than a filename in some circumstances,  a  file-
       name  is more generally useful, since the common usage of argv[0] is in
       printing diagnostics. In some cases the  filename  passed  is  not  the
       actual  filename  of the file; for example, many implementations of the
       login utility use a convention of prefixing a hyphen (  '-'  )  to  the
       actual  filename,  which  indicates  to  the  command interpreter being
       invoked that it is a "login shell".
       Historically there have been two ways  that  implementations  can  exec
       shell scripts.
       One common historical implementation is that the execl(), execv(), exe-
       cle(), and execve() functions return an [ENOEXEC] error  for  any  file
       not recognizable as executable, including a shell script. When the exe-
       clp() and execvp() functions encounter such a  file,  they  assume  the
       file  to  be  a  shell script and invoke a known command interpreter to
       interpret such files. This is  now  required  by  IEEE Std 1003.1-2001.
       These  implementations of execvp() and execlp() only give the [ENOEXEC]
       error in the rare case of a problem with the command interpreter's exe-
       cutable  file. Because of these implementations, the [ENOEXEC] error is
       not mentioned for execlp() or execvp(),  although  implementations  can
       still give it.
       Another  way  that some historical implementations handle shell scripts
       is by recognizing the first two bytes of  the  file  as  the  character
       string  "#!"  and  using the remainder of the first line of the file as
       the name of the command interpreter to execute.
       One potential source of confusion noted by the standard  developers  is
       over  how  the  contents of a process image file affect the behavior of
       the exec family of functions. The following is  a  description  of  the
       actions taken:
        1. If  the  process image file is a valid executable (in a format that
           is executable and valid and having appropriate permission) for this
           system, then the system executes the file.
        2. If  the  process  image file has appropriate permission and is in a
           format that is executable but not valid for this system (such as  a
           recognized  binary for another architecture), then this is an error
           and errno is set to [EINVAL] (see later RATIONALE on [EINVAL]).
        3. If the process image file has appropriate  permission  but  is  not
           otherwise recognized:
            a. If  this  is a call to execlp() or execvp(), then they invoke a
               command interpreter assuming that the process image file  is  a
               shell script.
            b. If  this  is  not a call to execlp() or execvp(), then an error
               occurs and errno is set to [ENOEXEC].
       Applications that do not require to access their arguments may use  the
       form:

              main(void)
       as  specified  in  the ISO C standard. However, the implementation will
       always provide the two arguments argc and argv, even if  they  are  not
       used.
       Some  implementations  provide  a third argument to main() called envp.
       This is defined as a pointer to the  environment.  The  ISO C  standard
       specifies  invoking  main() with two arguments, so implementations must
       support  applications  written  this  way.   Since   this   volume   of
       IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 defines the global variable environ, which is also
       provided by historical implementations and can be  used  anywhere  that
       envp  could be used, there is no functional need for the envp argument.
       Applications should use the getenv() function rather than accessing the
       environment  directly  via  either envp or environ. Implementations are
       required to support the two-argument calling sequence,  but  this  does
       not  prohibit  an  implementation  from  supporting envp as an optional
       third argument.
       This volume of  IEEE Std 1003.1-2001  specifies  that  signals  set  to
       SIG_IGN  remain  set  to  SIG_IGN,  and that the process signal mask be
       unchanged across an exec. This is consistent with historical  implemen-
       tations,  and  it  permits some useful functionality, such as the nohup
       command. However, it should be noted that  many  existing  applications
       wrongly  assume that they start with certain signals set to the default
       action and/or unblocked. In particular,  applications  written  with  a
       simpler signal model that does not include blocking of signals, such as
       the one in the ISO C standard, may not behave properly if invoked  with
       some signals blocked. Therefore, it is best not to block or ignore sig-
       nals across execs without explicit reason to do so, and especially  not
       to  block  signals across execs of arbitrary (not closely co-operating)
       programs.
       The exec functions always save the value of the effective user  ID  and
       effective  group  ID  of  the  process  at  the completion of the exec,
       whether or not the set-user-ID or the set-group-ID bit of  the  process
       image file is set.
       The  statement  about  argv[] and envp[] being constants is included to
       make explicit to future writers of language bindings that these objects
       are  completely constant. Due to a limitation of the ISO C standard, it
       is not possible to state that idea in standard C. Specifying two levels
       of  const-  qualification  for the argv[] and envp[] parameters for the
       exec functions may seem to be the  natural  choice,  given  that  these
       functions  do not modify either the array of pointers or the characters
       to which the function points, but this would disallow existing  correct
       code. Instead, only the array of pointers is noted as constant. The ta-
       ble of assignment compatibility for dst= src  derived  from  the  ISO C
       standard summarizes the compatibility:
    dst:                char *[] const char *[] char *const[] const char *const[]
    src:
    char *[]            VALID    -              VALID         -
    const char *[]      -        VALID          -             VALID
    char * const []     -        -              VALID         -
    const char *const[] -        -              -             VALID
       Since  all  existing code has a source type matching the first row, the
       column that gives the most valid combinations is the third column.  The
       only other possibility is the fourth column, but using it would require
       a cast on the argv or envp arguments. It is unfortunate that the fourth
       column cannot be used, because the declaration a non-expert would natu-
       rally use would be that in the second row.
       The ISO C standard and this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 do not  con-
       flict  on  the  use  of environ, but some historical implementations of
       environ may cause a conflict.  As long as environ  is  treated  in  the
       same  way  as an entry point (for example, fork()), it conforms to both
       standards.  A library can contain fork(), but if there is  a  user-pro-
       vided  fork(),  that  fork() is given precedence and no problem ensues.
       The situation is similar for environ: the definition in this volume  of
       IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 is to be used if there is no user-provided environ
       to take precedence.  At least three implementations are known to  exist
       that solve this problem.
       E2BIG  The limit {ARG_MAX} applies not just to the size of the argument
              list, but to the sum of that and the  size  of  the  environment
              list.
       EFAULT Some  historical  systems  return [EFAULT] rather than [ENOEXEC]
              when the new process image file is corrupted. They are  non-con-
              forming.
       EINVAL This  error condition was added to IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 to allow
              an implementation to detect executable files generated for  dif-
              ferent  architectures, and indicate this situation to the appli-
              cation. Historical implementations of shells, execvp(), and exe-
              clp()  that encounter an [ENOEXEC] error will execute a shell on
              the assumption that the file is a shell script.  This  will  not
              produce  the  desired effect when the file is a valid executable
              for a different architecture. An implementation may  now  choose
              to  avoid  this  problem by returning [EINVAL] when a valid exe-
              cutable for a different architecture is encountered.  Some  his-
              torical  implementations  return  [EINVAL]  to indicate that the
              path argument contains a character with the high order bit  set.
              The  standard  developers chose to deviate from historical prac-
              tice for the following reasons:
               1. The new utilization of [EINVAL] will provide some measure of
                  utility to the user community.
               2. Historical  use of [EINVAL] is not acceptable in an interna-
                  tionalized operating environment.
       ENAMETOOLONG
              Since the file pathname may be constructed by taking elements in
              the  PATH  variable and putting them together with the filename,
              the [ENAMETOOLONG] error condition could also  be  reached  this
              way.
       ETXTBSY
              System  V  returns  this  error when the executable file is cur-
              rently  open  for  writing  by  some  process.  This  volume  of
              IEEE Std 1003.1-2001  neither requires nor prohibits this behav-
              ior.

       Other systems (such as System V) may return [EINTR] from exec.  This is
       not  addressed  by this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, but implementa-
       tions may have a window between the call to exec and the  time  that  a
       signal could cause one of the exec calls to return with [EINTR].
       An  explicit  statement  regarding  the  floating-point environment (as
       defined in the <fenv.h> header) was added to make  it  clear  that  the
       floating-point  environment is set to its default when a call to one of
       the exec functions succeeds.  The requirements for inheritance or  set-
       ting  to the default for other process and thread start-up functions is
       covered by more generic statements in their  descriptions  and  can  be
       summarized as follows:
       posix_spawn()
              Set to default.
       fork() Inherit.
       pthread_create()
              Inherit.

FUTURE DIRECTIONS
       None.
SEE ALSO
       alarm(),   atexit(),   chmod(),   close(),   exit(),  fcntl(),  fork(),
       fstatvfs(),  getenv(),  getitimer(),   getrlimit(),   mmap(),   nice(),
       posix_spawn(),    posix_trace_eventid_open(),   posix_trace_shutdown(),
       posix_trace_trid_eventid_open(),   putenv(),   semop(),    setlocale(),
       shmat() , sigaction(), sigaltstack(), sigpending(), sigprocmask(), sys-
       tem(), times(), ulimit(),  umask(),  the  Base  Definitions  volume  of
       IEEE Std 1003.1-2001,   Chapter   11,   General   Terminal   Interface,
       <unistd.h>
COPYRIGHT
       Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in  electronic  form
       from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2003 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
       -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX),  The  Open  Group  Base
       Specifications  Issue  6,  Copyright  (C) 2001-2003 by the Institute of
       Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open  Group.  In  the
       event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
       The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group  Standard
       is  the  referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online
       at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .

IEEE/The Open Group                  2003                             EXEC(3P)