tgmath.h(0P) POSIX Programmer's Manual tgmath.h(0P)
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NAME
tgmath.h -- type-generic macros
SYNOPSIS
#include <tgmath.h>
DESCRIPTION
The functionality described on this reference page is aligned with the
ISO C standard. Any conflict between the requirements described here
and the ISO C standard is unintentional. This volume of POSIX.1-2008
defers to the ISO C standard.
The <tgmath.h> header shall include the headers <math.h> and <com-
plex.h> and shall define several type-generic macros.
Of the functions contained within the <math.h> and <complex.h> headers
without an f (float) or l (long double) suffix, several have one or
more parameters whose corresponding real type is double. For each such
function, except modf(), j0(), j1(), jn(), y0(), y1(), and yn(), there
shall be a corresponding type-generic macro. The parameters whose cor-
responding real type is double in the function synopsis are generic
parameters. Use of the macro invokes a function whose corresponding
real type and type domain are determined by the arguments for the
generic parameters.
Use of the macro invokes a function whose generic parameters have the
corresponding real type determined as follows:
* First, if any argument for generic parameters has type long double,
the type determined is long double.
* Otherwise, if any argument for generic parameters has type double
or is of integer type, the type determined is double.
* Otherwise, the type determined is float.
For each unsuffixed function in the <math.h> header for which there is
a function in the <complex.h> header with the same name except for a c
prefix, the corresponding type-generic macro (for both functions) has
the same name as the function in the <math.h> header. The corresponding
type-generic macro for fabs() and cabs() is fabs().
+------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
|<math.h> Function | <complex.h> Function | Type-Generic Macro |
+------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
|acos() | cacos() | acos() |
|asin() | casin() | asin() |
|atan() | catan() | atan() |
|acosh() | cacosh() | acosh() |
|asinh() | casinh() | asinh() |
|atanh() | catanh() | atanh() |
|cos() | ccos() | cos() |
|sin() | csin() | sin() |
|tan() | ctan() | tan() |
|cosh() | ccosh() | cosh() |
|sinh() | csinh() | sinh() |
|tanh() | ctanh() | tanh() |
|exp() | cexp() | exp() |
|log() | clog() | log() |
|pow() | cpow() | pow() |
|sqrt() | csqrt() | sqrt() |
|fabs() | cabs() | fabs() |
+------------------+----------------------+--------------------+
If at least one argument for a generic parameter is complex, then use
of the macro invokes a complex function; otherwise, use of the macro
invokes a real function.
For each unsuffixed function in the <math.h> header without a c-pre-
fixed counterpart in the <complex.h> header, except for modf(), j0(),
j1(), jn(), y0(), y1(), and yn(), the corresponding type-generic macro
has the same name as the function. These type-generic macros are:
atan2() fma() llround() remainder()
cbrt() fmax() log10() remquo()
ceil() fmin() log1p() rint()
copysign() fmod() log2() round()
erf() frexp() logb() scalbln()
erfc() hypot() lrint() scalbn()
exp2() ilogb() lround() tgamma()
expm1() ldexp() nearbyint() trunc()
fdim() lgamma() nextafter()
floor() llrint() nexttoward()
If all arguments for generic parameters are real, then use of the macro
invokes a real function; otherwise, use of the macro results in unde-
fined behavior.
For each unsuffixed function in the <complex.h> header that is not a c-
prefixed counterpart to a function in the <math.h> header, the corre-
sponding type-generic macro has the same name as the function. These
type-generic macros are:
carg() cimag() conj() cproj() creal()
Use of the macro with any real or complex argument invokes a complex
function.
The following sections are informative.
APPLICATION USAGE
With the declarations:
#include <tgmath.h>
int n;
float f;
double d;
long double ld;
float complex fc;
double complex dc;
long double complex ldc;
functions invoked by use of type-generic macros are shown in the fol-
lowing table:
+-----------------+-------------------------------+
| Macro | Use Invokes |
+-----------------+-------------------------------+
|exp(n) | exp(n), the function |
|acosh(f) | acoshf(f) |
|sin(d) | sin(d), the function |
|atan(ld) | atanl(ld) |
|log(fc) | clogf(fc) |
|sqrt(dc) | csqrt(dc) |
|pow(ldc,f) | cpowl(ldc, f) |
|remainder(n,n) | remainder(n, n), the function |
|nextafter(d,f) | nextafter(d, f), the function |
|nexttoward(f,ld) | nexttowardf(f, ld) |
|copysign(n,ld) | copysignl(n, ld) |
|ceil(fc) | Undefined behavior |
|rint(dc) | Undefined behavior |
|fmax(ldc,ld) | Undefined behavior |
|carg(n) | carg(n), the function |
|cproj(f) | cprojf(f) |
|creal(d) | creal(d), the function |
|cimag(ld) | cimagl(ld) |
|cabs(fc) | cabsf(fc) |
|carg(dc) | carg(dc), the function |
|cproj(ldc) | cprojl(ldc) |
+-----------------+-------------------------------+
RATIONALE
Type-generic macros allow calling a function whose type is determined
by the argument type, as is the case for C operators such as '+' and
'*'. For example, with a type-generic cos() macro, the expression
cos((float)x) will have type float. This feature enables writing more
portably efficient code and alleviates need for awkward casting and
suffixing in the process of porting or adjusting precision. Generic
math functions are a widely appreciated feature of Fortran.
The only arguments that affect the type resolution are the arguments
corresponding to the parameters that have type double in the synopsis.
Hence the type of a type-generic call to nexttoward(), whose second
parameter is long double in the synopsis, is determined solely by the
type of the first argument.
The term ``type-generic'' was chosen over the proposed alternatives of
intrinsic and overloading. The term is more specific than intrinsic,
which already is widely used with a more general meaning, and reflects
a closer match to Fortran's generic functions than to C++ overloading.
The macros are placed in their own header in order not to silently
break old programs that include the <math.h> header; for example, with:
printf ("%e", sin(x))
modf(double, double *) is excluded because no way was seen to make it
safe without complicating the type resolution.
The implementation might, as an extension, endow appropriate ones of
the macros that POSIX.1-2008 specifies only for real arguments with the
ability to invoke the complex functions.
POSIX.1-2008 does not prescribe any particular implementation mechanism
for generic macros. It could be implemented simply with built-in
macros. The generic macro for sqrt(), for example, could be implemented
with:
#undef sqrt
#define sqrt(x) __BUILTIN_GENERIC_sqrt(x)
Generic macros are designed for a useful level of consistency with C++
overloaded math functions.
The great majority of existing C programs are expected to be unaffected
when the <tgmath.h> header is included instead of the <math.h> or <com-
plex.h> headers. Generic macros are similar to the ISO/IEC 9899:1999
standard library masking macros, though the semantic types of return
values differ.
The ability to overload on integer as well as floating types would have
been useful for some functions; for example, copysign(). Overloading
with different numbers of arguments would have allowed reusing names;
for example, remainder() for remquo(). However, these facilities would
have complicated the specification; and their natural consistent use,
such as for a floating abs() or a two-argument atan(), would have
introduced further inconsistencies with the ISO/IEC 9899:1999 standard
for insufficient benefit.
The ISO C standard in no way limits the implementation's options for
efficiency, including inlining library functions.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSO
<math.h>, <complex.h>
The System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1-2008, cabs(), fabs(), modf()
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition, Standard for Information Technology
-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 7, Copyright (C) 2013 by the Institute of Electri-
cal and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. (This is
POSIX.1-2008 with the 2013 Technical Corrigendum 1 applied.) In the
event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online
at http://www.unix.org/online.html .
Any typographical or formatting errors that appear in this page are
most likely to have been introduced during the conversion of the source
files to man page format. To report such errors, see https://www.ker-
nel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .
IEEE/The Open Group 2013 tgmath.h(0P)
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